Every cardiac arrest you choose to begin resuscitating, has the potential to achieve ROSC.
A Change in Mindset
Most of us in the EMS profession are used to managing the adult out of hospital cardiac arrest. When I was a paramedic student, the ability to terminate resuscitation in the field was just beginning to make its way into my area and was met with both trepidation as well as an unusual excitement. One of the most startling reasons I heard was “we will only have to work an arrest for 20 minutes and then we can call it.”
It is all about the mindset we walk into the scene with.
Each cardiac arrest you are dispatched to is someone’s family member.They are relying on you to do the best you can to restore them back to their previous level of functioning (our true goal in resuscitation). We should treat every one of the patients who we make the decision to begin resuscitating in the field as someone who has the potential to achieve ROSC.
I challenge you to remove the term “cardiac arrest” from your mental mindset when responding to and working these resuscitations and replace it with thinking of all of these patients as being pre-ROSC. Each and every one of them should receive care that is focused on optimizing their ability to both achieve return of spontaneous circulation, but also make a meaningful recovery. Do we necessarily need to go out and change the textbooks and guidelines? I would argue that it is unnecessary, what we do need to do as a profession is instill a mindset in ourselves and our colleagues that focuses on a common goal with these patient’s, the achieving ROSC. When you alter your mindset around what phase of this goal you are in, it has the potential to alter your management priorities and decision making.
Pre-ROSC Optimization
Shifting your mindset from managing a cardiac arrest to managing a pre-ROSC patient allows you to consider all of that factors that will help you optimize the patient for when they achieve ROSC and those crucial few minutes, the “intra-ROSC” phase where the patient may remain extremely unstable due to the many processes that are trying to recover from such dysregulation (more on that later).
First and foremost, good high-quality chest compressions to optimize the patient’s perfusion. Many consider this to be a simple and routine part of resuscitation, but the effectiveness of chest compressions in your pre-ROSC patient will often mean the difference between moving from the intra- ROSC phase and never reaching that point. As the team leader, employ the use of feedback devices in this task if available and make sure you have a system for rotating fatigued compressors. It could be as simple as starting a practice where someone sets a metronome and gives feedback to the person currently doing compressions and monitors them for fatigue or drop in compression quality. Gone are the days of “I can keep going for a few more rounds”, we owe our patients to do better than that. Simple actions like chest compression quality and defibrillation are the two methods we know work for achieving ROSC.
Do you routinely just apply defibrillation/pacing pads to these patients? Often times in a well-managed resuscitation we find ourselves anticipating next steps and looking for tasks that need to be completed. This may be a good time to apply monitoring electrodes as well as precordial electrodes to the patient as well as your other monitoring like NIBP and pulse oximetry. When you reach ROSC, you are now a few keystrokes on your monitor away from that initial 12-lead ECG and valuable blood pressure that will guide the next steps in your resuscitation. If done early in the resuscitation you also won’t be hastily looking to get these tasks done and your management of wires and good electrode placement can make for a better tracing and more organized resuscitation while you are task saturated in the crucial next few minutes.
What drugs do you anticipate needing for the intra-ROSC phase? Are your narcotics locked away in the truck if this patient requires post-arrest sedation and analgesia? Often times when we need to mix a vasopressor infusion we are looking for key components like a pump, calculating dosing, and looking for the right sized bag to mix with (depending on how your organization is within your system). If you are deliberate in your post arrest planning a lot of the preparation for these tasks or even mixing an infusion can be accomplished ahead of time. This allows you to focus on your decisions and management and employ management strategies earlier once ROSC is achieved.
If you approach this patient as “we are going to resuscitate for 20 minutes then re-evaluate if we should continue”, and the patient achieves ROSC 15 minutes into the resuscitation, you are caught in a situation where it may adversely impact the patient’s outcome.
Management of the Intra-ROSC Phase.
So now that you have achieved ROSC and you consider yourself the resuscitation master, you can just kick back, pour yourself a cup of your beverage of choice and watch the rest of the show, right? Your monitor does have a 10-foot therapy cable for a reason.
Those initial first few minutes after achieving ROSC can make the difference between the patient who walks out of the hospital neurologically intact, the patient who spends their remaining days on a ventilator, or the patient who re-arrests. But no worries, you have prepared for this phase throughout the entire resuscitation and your patient is optimized for it. Within 30 seconds, you have a 12-lead ECG tracing in your hand, the initial post-ROSC blood pressure has been obtained, your medications are ready to go, and if your patient needs to be paced you have the electrodes in place to do that. If your patient is intubated and begins to wake up agitated, your sedatives and analgesics are easily within reach and ready to go.
Instead of the “post-arrest phase” that we are used to calling this, I challenge you to change your terminology to the intra-ROSC phase of the resuscitation. This is not a game where you have unlocked an achievement by making it to this phase and it’s smooth sailing from here. This is a phase where your patient is incredibly physiologically vulnerable to any of your actions and they have the potential to return to pre-ROSC or make major improvements in their condition in a matter of seconds with or without your actions.
Remember that these patients are often incredibly metabolically deranged, many of their normal physiological functions are extremely dysregulated, both at the level you can observe (breathing, non- invasive monitoring) but also on the cellular level as well as there are fluid shifts, ion shifts, and other reactions occurring. Your job here is to support the restoration of homeostasis and guide the patient
into the next phase of their recovery, whether it be the preparation and transport to a PCI center or a stay in the ICU that is their next step, you have to support their physiological functions to get them there.
A Shift in the Research Paradigm
We have a lot of data that takes a look at all comers for cardiac arrest and evaluates the effect of our intra-arrest interventions on the overall outcome of the patient such as their survival to hospital discharge and what their functional status is. One area we do not seem to have great data on is how our care both during the initial resuscitation as well as the specific care we render in the intra-ROSC period impacts patient outcomes. This is going to be far more challenging to study (see The EMS Research Conundrum) but there may be the possibility of some very savvy researchers within our field who may be able and willing to take on the task of looking at some new variables and new sub-groups of patients. Shifting the mindset of the clinicians may also shift the mindset of some of the researchers to focus on how to make our care even better.
Armed with a new mindset and new ideas, I wish you all the best in managing your next pre-ROSC patient!
Tom Latosek
MS, NRP, CCP-C
Tom is a practicing paramedic and EMS educator who is interested in EMS research, and advancing the profession of EMS through education. Tom has practiced in a variety of EMS clinical settings and teaches a variety of courses for a healthcare education company. Tom holds an MS in neuroscience and a bachelor’s degree in biology and psychology and is currently a first-year medical student.
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